| Question | Answer |
| cosmopolitan communicators | coordination with others who have different backgrounds, values, and beliefs without trying to change them |
| coordination | the process by which persons collaborate in an attempt to bring into being their vision of what is necessary, noble and good and to preclude the enactment of what they fear, hate or despise |
| episode | a "nounable"sequence of speech acts with a beginning and an end that are held together by story; an argument, interview, wedding, mediation |
| speech act | any verbal or nonverbal message as a part of an interaction; the basic building block of the social universe people create; threats, promises, insults, compliments, etc. |
| stories told | narratives that we use to make sense of stories lived |
| stories lived | co-constructed actions that we perform with others |
| hierarchy of meaning | a rank order of the relative significance of contexts--episode, relationship, identity, and culture--that encompass a given story as an aid to interpretation |
| reflectivity | the process by which the effects of our words and actions on others bounce back and affect us |
| logical force | the moral pressure or sense of obligation a person feels to respond in a given way to what someone else has just said or done |
| persons-in-conversation | co-construct their own social realities and are simultaneously shaped by the worlds they create; primary social process of human life |
| social constructionists | language theorists who believe that persons in conversation co-construct their own social realities and are simultaneously shaped by the worlds they create |
| dialogic communication | conversation in which people speak in a manner that makes others want to listen, and listen in a way that makes others want to speak |
| strange loop | an unwanted repetitive communication pattern (alcoholic example) |
| Coordinated Management of Meaning (CMM) | persons-in-conversation co-construct their own social realities and are simultaneously shaped by the worlds they create |
| Barnett Pearce and Vernon Cronen | believed that communication is the process by which we collectively create events and objects of our social world; developed the theory of CMM |
| critique of symbolic interactionism | overstatement, issues of clarity and human nature |
| self-fulfilling prophecy | the tendency for our expectations to evoke responses that confirm what we originally anticipated |
| participant observation | a method of adopting the stance of an ignorant yet interested visitor who carefully notes what people say and do in order to discover how they interpret their world |
| generalized other | the composite mental image a person has of his or her self based on community expectations and responses |
| Me | the objective self; the image of the self seen when one takes on the role of other |
| I | the spontaneous driving force that fosters all that is novel, unpredictable, and unorganized in the self |
| taking the role of other | the process of mentally imagining that you are someone else who is viewing you |
| looking glass theory | the mental self-image that results from taking the role of the other; the objective self (me) |
| minding | an inner dialogue used to test alternatives, rehearse actions and anticipate reactions before responding; self talk |
| thought | An individual’s interpretation of symbols is modified by his or her own thought processes |
| language | Meaning arises out of social interactions people have with each other |
| meaning | Humans act toward people or things on the basis of the meanings they assign to those people or things |
| Herbert Blumer | humans act towards people or things on the basis of the meanings they assign to those people or things; meaning arises out of the social interaction that people have with each other |
| symbolic interaction | communication through symbols; people talking to each other |
| George Herbert Mead | philosophy prof at University of Chicago; thought that the true test of any theory is whether it is useful in solving complex social problems, "mind, self and society" published by student about symbolic interaction |
| ethical tradition | 1. advocate truthfulness 2. accept responsibilities for our own communication. 3. strive to understand and respect other communicators before evaluating their message |
| pragmatism | an applied approach to knowledge; the philosophy that true understanding of an idea or situation has practical implications for action |
| empathic understanding | caring skill of temporarily laying aside our views and values and entering into another's world without prejudice |
| unconditional positive regard | an attitude of acceptance that isn't contingent on performance |
| congruence | the match between an individual's inner feelings and outer display |
| phenomenology | intentional analysis of everyday experience from teh standpoint of the person who is living it, explores the possibility of understanding the experience of self others |
| culture industries | entertainment businesses that reproduce the dominant idealogy of a culture and distract people from recognizing unjust distribution of power within society (film, tv, music) |
| critical tradition | 1. the control of language to perpetuate power imbalances. 2. the role of mass media in dulling sensitivity to repression. 3. blind reliance on the scientific method and uncritical acceptance of empirical findings |
| Sapir-Whorf hypothesis of linguistic reality | the claim that the structure of a language shapes what people think and do; the social construction of reality |
| socio-cultural tradition | based on the premise that as people talk, they produce and reproduce culture |
| Ogden and Richard's semantic triangle | Thought, or reference, is connected to the word, or symbol, and the thing. But the thing and the word are not connected |
| symbols | arbitrary words and nonverbal signs that bear no natural connection with the things they describe; their meaning is learned within a given culture |
| signs | anything that can stand for something else |
| semiotics | the study of verbal and nonverbal signs that can stand for something else, and how their interpretation impacts society |
| semiotic tradition | study of signs; a sign is anything that can stand for something else |
| six characteristics of rhetorical communication | 1. speech distinguishes us from other animals. 2. confidence is an effective way to solve problems. 3. single speaker with many listeners is most persuasive. 4. oratorical training. 5. emphasis on power and language move people emotionally. 6. persuasion as the province of males |
| rhetorical tradition | the art of using all available means of persuasion, focusing upon lines of argument, organization of ideas, language use, and delivery in public speaking |
| information + noise = | channel capacity |
| shannon and weaver's model of communication | information source --> message--> transmitter-->signal-->received signal--->reciever-->message-->destination |
| information | the reduction of uncertainty; the less predictable a message is, the more information it carries |
| cybernetics | the study of information processing, feedback, and control in communication systems |
| cybernetic tradition | used to describe the field of artificial intelligence; answer the question: giw can we get the bugs out of this system?; aimed at solving the technical problems of high fidelity transfer of sound |
| source credibility | audience perception of the competence and trustworthiness of a speaker or writer |
| attitude | a predisposition to respond, composed of beliefs, feelings and intended actions |
| socio-psychological tradition | epitomizes the scientific or objective perspective; cause-effect relationships; truths discovered through observation |
| common ground among objective an interpretive criteria | 1. explanation can lead to further understanding 2. prediction and value clarification suggest what will happen 3. simplicity has aesthetic appeal 4. testing hypothesis is a way of achieving a community of agreement 5. a theory that reforms unjust practices is practical |
| 5 standards for judging an interpretive theory- reform of society | a good theory generates change; change can have an impact on society |
| 5 standards for judging an interpretive theory- community of agreement | a good interpretive theory can be identified by the amount of support it generates within a community of scholars who are interested and knowledgeable about the same type of communication |
| 5 standards for judging an interpretive theory- aesthetic appeal | the way a theorist presents an idea can capture the imagination of a reader just as much as the wisdom and originality of the theory he or she has created |
| ethical imperative | grant others that occur in your construction the same autonomy you practice constructing them |
| 5 standards for judging an interpretive theory- clarification of values | a good theory brings people's values into the open; theorist must acknowledge, identify, or unmask the ideology behind the message under scrutiny |
| five standards for judging an interpretive theory- new understanding of people | interpretive scholarship is good when it offers fresh insight into the human condition |
| 5 standards for judging an objective theory- practical use | a good theory is useful; goal of social science is to help people have control over their daily lives |
| 5 standards for judging an objective theory- hypothesis that can be tested | a good theory is testable; must be stated in a way that it can be tested and disapproved if it is indeed wrong |
| 5 standards for judging an objective theory- relative simplicity | a good theory is as simple as possible |
| 5 standards for judging an objective theory- prediction of the future events | a good theory predicts what will happen; when we notice the same things happen in similar situations, we speak of patterns or universal laws |
| 5 standards for judging an objective theory- explanation of data | a good theory explains an event of behavior; brings clarity to a jumbled situation; synthesizes data; focuses attention; explains "why?" |
| rhetorical vision | a composite drama that catches up multiple groups of people into a common symbolic reality |
| symbolic convergence | the linguistic process by which group members develop a sense of community or closeness; cohesiveness, unity, solidarity |
| fantasy theme | the creative and imaginative interpretation of events that fulfills a psychological or rhetorical need; depicts events outside of the group or in its past or future |
| dependent variable | variable that depends on other factors |
| independent variable | variable that stands alone and isn't changed by the other variables you are trying to measure; example: age |
| textual analysis | a research method that describes and interprets the characteristics of any text |
| survey | a research method that uses questionaires and interviews to collect self-reported data that reflects what respondents think, feel and intend to do |
| ethnography | a method of participant observation designed to help a researcher experience a culture's complex web of meaning |
| experiment | a research method that manipulates a variable in a tightly controlled situation in order to find out if it has the predicted effect |
| free will | every human act is ultimately voluntary; you are the master of your fate (opposite of determinism) |
| determinism | the assumption that behavior is caused by heredity and environment |
| epistemology | the study of origin, nature, method and limits of knowledge |
| objective research | the assumption that truth is singular and is accessible though unbiased sensory observation; committed to uncovering cause and effect relationships |
| interpretive scholar | the linguistic approach of assigning meaning or value to communicative texts; assumes that multiple meanings or truths are possible; |
| Behavioral Scientists | a scholar who applies the scientific method to describe, predict, and explain recurring forms of human behavior; empirical research; objective researchers want to explain as well as predict; works with theory and research |
| communication theory | the relational process of creating and interpreting messages that elicit a response |
| theory | set of systematic, informed hunches about the way things operate; offers some sort of explanation |
84 cards - created feb 4, 8:27pm
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